Nephrotic Syndrome: Early Signs & Advanced Treatment Options

Your kidneys usually filter out proteins and keep them in the bloodstream. But when the small kidney filters are damaged, your kidneys strain out too much protein from your urine. You can't live without functioning kidneys, and kidney disease can take many forms. Book a visit to the best kidney hospital in Noida today and start safeguarding your renal health.

Schedule a consultation with our nephrology experts today by calling +91 9667064100.

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder wherein the kidneys excrete excessive amounts of protein (proteinuria) into the urine. This condition usually stems from injury to the kidney's filtering apparatus, called glomeruli. Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that are supposed to filter out the waste products—like urea, creatinine, and various acids—from the blood and keep the normal constituents and the right amounts of protein and cells in the body. 
In a normal kidney, these filters guard very effectively and very persistently against protein loss. But when the glomeruli are injured, they allow an enormous amount of an abnormal blood protein called albumin to pass into the urine. Individuals with nephrotic syndrome can excrete three or more grams of protein (mostly serum albumin) in their urine each day, 20 times the normal amount. Nephrotic syndrome is a serious disease that can lead to some serious medical consequences if it is not treated.

Nephrotic Syndrome: Who Is at Risk?

Nephrotic syndrome can affect anyone, but some individuals are at a higher risk. This includes individuals who have diabetic nephropathy, a kidney disease associated with diabetes. It also includes those with a close family history of kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome. People with autoimmune diseases or allergies that could affect the kidneys also find themselves more susceptible. Here are the groups of individuals more likely to get nephrotic syndrome:

- Anyone with the poorly controlled blood sugar levels found in diabetic nephropathy.

- Individuals with a close relative who has a history of kidney disease.

- People with autoimmune disorders that could affect kidney function.

- Those with significant allergies that could impact their kidney health.

What Effects Does Nephrotic Syndrome Have on the Body?

Excessive protein loss caused by nephrotic syndrome can lead to a variety of health complications, including:

* Risk of blood clots: Some proteins have anti-coagulation capabilities and, if lost through urinary loss, put patients at risk for life-threatening blood clots.

* Immunoglobulins are anti-infective proteins that help enhance the immune system. Patients can be more susceptible to infections with the loss of these proteins. 

• Pneumonia: An infection in the lungs that causes problems with breathing.
   

• Cellulitis: A highly contagious bacterial infection of the skin.
   

• Peritonitis: An infection of the abdominal lining that can affect a patient as life-threatening.

Signs of the Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome may present with a wide range of symptoms, all of which show severe damage to the kidneys. The most common symptoms are:
 

• Albuminuria is excessive protein loss in the urine, defined as the loss of > 3.5 grams of albumin per day.
   

• Hyperlipidemia: Elevated blood fat and cholesterol due to attempts by the body to replace lost protein.
   

• Edema: Swelling due to fluid buildup, particularly in the hands, face, ankles, legs or feet.
   

• Hypoalbuminemia: The lowered level of albumin in the blood due to protein loss.
   

• Loss of appetite: An inability to feel hungry and eat which can lead to weakness.
   

• Feeling unwell or sick: general malaise and fatigue.
   

• Abdominal pain: Pain may occur anywhere between the pelvis and the ribs.
   

• Foamy urine: The excessive protein content.
   

• Vital vitamin and mineral deficiency: Vitamin D and calcium deficiency may result in childhood growth issues and osteoporosis, causing brittle hair, nails, and bones.

Common Nephrotic Syndrome Complications

Nephrotic syndrome can lead to numerous severe health complications which include:
 

• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Represents a quick decline in kidney function.
   

• Anemia: Reduced numbers of red blood cells alongside normal ones cause a diminished oxygen delivery to body organs.
   

• Coronary artery disease: Heart arteries become blocked by plaque in coronary artery disease which leads to heart complications.
   

• Hypertension (high blood pressure): The blood's forceful pumping action leads to elevated pressure inside vessels.
   

• Hypothyroidism: The thyroid gland fails to discharge enough thyroid hormone which is essential for regulating metabolism and maintaining health.

Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome 

Illnesses that damage the glomeruli which filter blood in the kidneys cause nephrotic syndrome. Several serious medical conditions cause nephrotic syndrome.
 

• Amyloidosis: The accumulation of amyloid proteins in the kidneys results in reduced filtration ability because they damage these essential organs.
   

• Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney damage from diabetes disrupts normal function and leads to nerve-related symptoms such as pain, tingling sensations, numbness, and muscle weakness.
   

• Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS): Presents through scarring in small portions of some glomeruli leading to kidney failure and proteinuria along with swelling.
   

• Lupus: Lupus represents an autoimmune disorder that leads to both swelling and inflammation in the kidneys and various parts of the body.
   

• Membranous nephropathy: The kidney's filtration membranes sustain damage because the immune system mistakenly attacks them in this condition.
   

• Minimal change disease (MCD), a type of nephropathy, leads to reduced kidney functionality while kidney biopsy results from nephrotic syndrome show minimal or no detectable damage. Minimal change disease (MCD) occurs most commonly in children.

To manage nephrotic syndrome effectively and prevent related complications, one must ensure early diagnosis followed by proper treatment.

Nephrotic Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment

The Diagnosis
 

Doctors use a variety of tests and examinations to diagnose nephrotic syndrome in order to assess kidney function and look for any abnormalities. These assessments consist of:
 

• Urine tests include urinalysis to check for protein, which is one of the main signs of nephrotic syndrome. In certain cases, a 24-hour urine sample must be taken in order to calculate the total amount of protein lost.
   

• Blood Tests: Blood tests help detect low total blood protein and low albumin, which are signs of nephrotic syndrome. Triglycerides and cholesterol, which increase as a result of protein loss, are also checked by blood tests. Blood tests check for kidney function by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
   

• Kidney Biopsy: To determine the cause of nephrotic syndrome, a kidney biopsy may occasionally be performed. This involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the kidney to extract a tiny sample of tissue that can subsequently be analyzed in a lab.

Treatment
 

Treatment of nephrotic syndrome is addressing the underlying cause, alleviating symptoms, and preventing complications. This is also done mainly with medication and diet modification.

Medications
 

Medications for Blood Pressure:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors decrease blood pressure and diminish protein loss in the urine. Examples of ACE inhibitors are:
 

• Lisinopril (Prinivil, Qbrelis, Zestril)
   

• Benazepril (Lotensin)
   

• Captopril
   

• Enalapril (Vasotec)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) work similarly to ACE inhibitors and can be substituted, for instance:
 

• Losartan (Cozaar)
   

• Valsartan (Diovan)
   

• Renin inhibitors are also used in some cases.

Diuretics (Water Pills):
 

These drugs reduce swelling by producing more urine. Examples are:
 

• Furosemide (Lasix)
   

• Spironolactone (Aldactone, Carospir)
   

• Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide or metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

Cholesterol-Lowering Medications:
 

Statins are used to reduce cholesterol levels. These include:
 

• Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
   

• Fluvastatin (Lescol XL)
   

• Lovastatin (Altoprev)
   

• Pravastatin (Pravachol)
   

• Rosuvastatin (Crestor, Ezallor)
   

• Simvastatin (Zocor)

While statins control high cholesterol, their long-term effects of preventing heart disease in patients with nephrotic syndrome are unclear.

Blood Thinners (Anticoagulants):
 

In a patient with a history of blood clots, anticoagulants are given to prevent further blood clots. The drugs that are most often used are:
 

• Heparin
   

• Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven)
   

• Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
   

• Apixaban (Eliquis)
   

• Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

Immune System Suppressants:

Some nephrotic syndrome, particularly one that is secondary to autoimmune diseases, needs drugs to suppress the immune system and inflammation. Those are:
 

• Corticosteroids
   

• Rituximab (Rituxan)
   

• Cyclosporine
   

• Cyclophosphamide

Dietary Suggestions and Self-Care for Nephrotic Syndrome

Foods and Beverages to Avoid

Diet do not cause or prevent nephrotic syndrome, but some dietary changes might improve the signs and quality of life. Keep the following suggestions in mind:
 

• Limit Sodium Intake: Decreased salt intake helps balance fluid retention and swelling (edema). Steer clear of processed foods, canned soups, fast foods, and packaged snacks. Eat fresh, homemade foods with little added salt.
   

• Increase Fluid Intake: Adequate water intake can eliminate excess sodium and avoid dehydration. However, fluid intake must be moderate depending on the kidneys and doctor's advice.

Limit Saturated Fats and Cholesterol: Nephrotic syndrome may cause elevated cholesterol (hyperlipidemia), which is a risk factor for heart disease. Limit:

• Full-fat milk foods (whole milk, butter, cream, cheese)

• Red and processed meat (bacon, sausage, hot dogs)

• Fried snack foods and sweets with trans fats and added sugars

Self-Care and Symptom Control
 

• Adhere to Prescribed Medications: Stay on your treatment regimen as directed by your healthcare provider to control symptoms to the best degree possible.
   

• Take a Balanced Diet: Take appropriate amounts of protein and potassium and restrict sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol.
   

• Watch Your Symptoms: Monitor for swelling, amount of urine output, and weight change in an effort to detect early evidence of worsening renal function.
   

• Scheduled Check-Ups: Regular follow-up clinics with a specialist nephrologist assist in evaluating response to therapy and adjusting the drugs accordingly.

Prevention and Prognosis

• Can Nephrotic Syndrome Be Prevented?

Unfortunately, nephrotic syndrome cannot be entirely prevented. However, early detection and treatment of underlying conditions (such as diabetes or autoimmune diseases) can reduce complications.
 

• Long-Term Outlook

-With proper treatment, most people respond well and achieve remission.
-In children, nephrotic syndrome often resolves as they grow into adulthood.
-Ongoing monitoring and lifestyle modifications can help maintain kidney health and prevent relapse.

For expert guidance on nephrotic syndrome management, consult a leading nephrologist in Noida today.

Meet with the Best Nephrologists for Nephrotic Syndrome Treatment

Our experienced nephrology team is dedicated to providing personalized care for patients with Nephrotic Syndrome, helping them manage their condition effectively and maintain optimal kidney function.

• Dr. Sameer Tawakley – With extensive expertise in managing Nephrotic Syndrome, Dr. Tawakley develops tailored treatment plans to reduce protein loss, control symptoms, and protect long-term kidney health.
   

• Dr. Udit Gupta– Specializing in early diagnosis and prevention, Dr. Gupta focuses on minimizing complications and preserving kidney function through targeted interventions and continuous monitoring.
   

• Dr. Navin Jha – A specialist in both acute and chronic kidney diseases, including Nephrotic Syndrome, Dr. Jha utilizes advanced therapies, lifestyle modifications, and patient education to improve treatment outcomes and overall well-being.

Concerned about persistent swelling or foamy urine? Schedule a consultation with our nephrology experts today!

Conclusion

Nephrotic syndrome is a complex kidney condition that requires timely diagnosis, personalized treatment, and lifestyle modifications to prevent complications. While some cases, especially in children, may resolve with proper medical care, others may require long-term management to protect kidney function. Regular monitoring, adherence to prescribed medications, and a kidney-friendly diet play a crucial role in controlling symptoms and improving overall well-being. If you or a loved one experiences signs of nephrotic syndrome, consulting a nephrologist at the earliest can help ensure better health outcomes.

FAQs on Nephrotic Syndrome

1. Does nephrotic syndrome indicate an autoimmune disease?
Ans: Yes, nephrotic syndrome may be the result of autoimmune diseases like lupus or IgA nephropathy, where the immune system is attacking the kidneys, which then decreases the amount of protein lost in the urine.

2. What lifestyle changes can help decrease urine protein losses?
Ans: Symptoms can be controlled by cutting back on salt, eating a healthy diet, drinking enough water, engaging in regular exercise, and controlling blood pressure and blood sugar.

3. How will Nephrotic Syndrome affect renal function over time?
Ans: Persistent protein loss and damage to kidney filters can lead to chronic kidney disease or total renal failure without treatment.

4. Are there any diet restrictions while being treated for Nephrotic Syndrome?
Ans: Yes, symptoms can be controlled by limiting saturated fats, avoiding processed foods, moderate protein consumption, and consuming too much sodium.

5. How likely is it to get an infection with nephrotic syndrome?
Ans: Loss of protein weakens the immune system and increases the risk to develop infections like urinary tract infections and pancreatitis. Complications can be avoided with vaccinations and proper personal hygiene.

6. Do children with nephrotic syndrome outgrow it?
Ans: Some children, especially those with minimal change disease, will outgrow it and may relapse, but long-term follow up is required.

7. What is the role of immunosuppressants/corticosteroids in the treatment process?
Ans: Immunosuppressants are used to inhibit immunological activity and steroids are used as anti-inflammatory medications to reduce kidney inflammation. The side effects include risk of infection, weight gain, and high blood pressure.